Global Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Medicine Summit October 17-19, 2016 Chicago Illinois, USA
(5 Plenary Forum-1 Event)

Marita Vedovelli Cardozo is a Biologist and Master in Microbiology from Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). Presently, she is a Doctoral student at the same institution and her work is focused in microbiology with an emphasis on food safety, infectious diseases and public health.

The extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes that hydrolyze the β-lactam ring of penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam, conferring resistance to these antimicrobials. There are an increasing number of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria producing extended spectrum β-lactamases and the emergence of new therapeutic resources does not follow the evolution of resistance mechanisms, making them a serious public health problem. Brazil is the largest exporter of chicken means that the presence of ESBL and it becomes also a potential risk in the agribusiness sector. Based on this, the present study aims to characterize ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from broilers production chain, including animals, food and consumers. Of the 300 samples collected from cloacal swab, chicken meat and human feces, 36 were resistant to cefotaxime (CTX) in antimicrobial phenotypic screening. After, by microarray molecular detection, it was found positive isolates to CTX-M gene. Each positive CTX-M sample was subjected to PCR to confirm the presence of CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-2 genes and the sequencing showed that all positive samples from CTX-M-1 group belonged to CTX-M-15 gene and all positive samples from CTX-M-2 group belonged to CTX-M-2 gene. Moreover, identification by MALDI-TOF showed that 36 isolates, 15 were classified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and 21 isolates belong to Escherichia coli. These results evidence of the correlation of resistance genes between animals and humans show the need to reduce the use of antibiotics in the production of broilers in the country to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Dr Benson C Iweriebor works at AIDS Virus Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, South Africa. His research interest include AIDS and Microbiology

Background: There has been a projected global increase in the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases with climate change thus suggesting a pending societal crisis. Global warming causes a wide spectrum of consequences on the human health, including changes in the spread of tick borne pathogens. Ticks generally play an important role in the transmission and ecology of infectious diseases. Climatic factors (temperature, rainfall and humidity) strongly influenced the ecology, development, behavior and survival of ticks and the transmission dynamics of the diseases they transmit. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of tick-borne bacterial pathogens of the genera Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Anaplasma spp., among ticks collected from domesticated ruminants in some selected localities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa where there has been a decreased precipitation and slight increase in temperature recently. Methods: Between February and May, 2016, a total of 1200 ticks were collected from domesticated ruminant heads in some selected communities’ within the Nkonkonbe and Chris Hanne District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Ticks were identified based on morphological criteria. Genetic detection of tick-borne bacteria belonging to Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia genera was performed by PCRs. Positive amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Results: The ticks were identified as belonging to the genera Rhipicephalus (980) and Amblyomma (220) respectively. Genetic screening for Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Anaplasma spp. revealed the presence of Rickettsia spp., and Ehrlichia spp., respectively while none was positive for Anaplasma spp., in the tick samples collected. Ticks from cattle were highly infected with Rickettsia spp., while Ehrlichia spp., was isolated mainly from ticks collected from sheep. No positive result was obtained from ticks collected from goats. Conclusion: The observation that these pathogens are present in ticks on animals within homesteads suggests that inhabitants of these communities could be infected and tourists visiting the areas should be cautious of tick-biting. The findings of this study show that zoonotic pathogens are present in ticks in the studied localities. This information will be helpful in the epidemiology of tick-borne zoonotic diseases in the country as well as in creating awareness about such diseases in the veterinary, medical and tourism sectors, as they may be the mostly affected.

Juana Liz Vidal Arboleda has completed her undergraduate studies as Microbiologist at the University of Antioquia. She has participated as Colciencias Young Researcher of the project in the Rio Grande II Reservoir. From 2009-20013, she made a specialization in Veterinary Clinical Laboratory in the UDCA (University of Applied and Environmental Sciences) and actually she is currently pursuing her Master's degree in Animal Science in University of Antioquia and serves as Microbiology and Bioanalyst in the Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Antioquia.

Introduction: Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by a facultative intracellular pathogen of the genus Brucella. Ten species are recognized and exhibit different host preference; comparative analysis of this genus have show a close genetic relationship between species. To study the evolution of these species have developed multiple phylogenetic analyzes on which consensus has been separated into a clade B. melitensis and B. abortus, in another clade marine species and one species consisting of B. suis and B. canis, recognizing Brucella ovis as the ancestral species, suggesting that the initial contact to pigs, goats and cattle occurred from contact with infected sheep. Objective: To establish the phylogenetic relationships and the time of divergence of Brucella canis strain Oliveri. Methods: Concatenated sequences of these genes were used: glK, trpE, cobQ, aroA, dnaK, rpoB, gap, gyrB, Omp2a, Omp2b, Omp25 and Omp3 in 24 species of Brucella, including Brucella canis str. Oliveri. Using the Mega 6 program phylogenetic analysis was performed by the method of neighbor joining with the substitution model Tamura-Nei and 10000 Bootstraps repetititons. The molecular clock hypothesis among Brucella species was tested and the test of relative rates of Tajima between Brucella canis str. Oliveri and Brucella canis ATCC was performed. Results: Phylogenetic analysis including O. anthropi as out group indicate that Brucella ovis was the first lineage split is the most basal species. The clade with greater genetic diversity is formed by B. suis, where it will also find strains of B. canis, suggesting a recent divergence. B. abortus and B. melitensis appear as sister species, being each one monophyletic. Aquatic species, B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis are part of the same clade but separate from the terrestrial strain. Within B. canis all strains present a simultaneous divergence since they split from their common ancestor, corroborating the result of the test of relative rates of Tajima with P=0.31731. The molecular clock hypothesis is rejected between species indicating that the rate of evolution of all species of Brucella is not the same. Conclusions: The strain of Brucella canis str. Oliveri like others canis species diverged from Brucella suis. The Brucella canis species had a similar rate of evolution and a genetic distance, so is not possible define which diverged first.

Juana Vidal has completed her undergraduate studies as Microbiologist at the University of Antioquia. She has participated as Colciencias Young Researcher of the project evaluation antagonistic activity under controlled conditions including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium perfringens and populations of cyanobacteria in the Rio Grande II reservoir. During 2009- 2013 she made a specialization in Veterinary Clinical Laboratory in the UDCA (University of Applied and Environmental Sciences) and actually she is pursuing her Master's degree in Animal Science in University of Antioquia and serves as Microbiology and Bioanalyst in the Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Antioquia.

Bovine mastitis continues to be the most economically important disease in dairy cattle worldwide and is caused by a broad spectrum of infectious agents. In the last decade, the main bacteria isolated from mastitic cows in Colombia have been Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. The state of Antioquia is one of the regions in Colombia with major milk production. Almost 10% of the milking cows present subclinical mastitis diagnoses by somatic cell count or at list with CMT. Therefore, the microbiological culture is an indispensable preventive and control tool, because it helps producers to take appropriate decisions. This poster used reports from cultures of submitted milk samples to two veterinary diagnostic laboratories located in Antioquia. Between the years 2013 and 2015, 7780 milk samples were processed for microbiological culture at the ICMT-Colanta Laboratory and at Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antioquia, using a standard protocol. The most commonly isolated bacteria from all samples were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (20.7%), followed by S. aureus (17.9%), S. agalactiae (14.3%), S. uberis (9.1%), others Streptococcus (6.7%), S. dysgalactiae (5.9%) and others bacteria (3.0%). Gram-negative bacilli were found in 10.0% of the samples; whereas no growth occurred in 12.0% of cultures. In conclusion, the main bacterial genus isolated was Staphylococcus with a percentage of 38.6%. The pattern of isolation of mastitis causing bacteria in Colombia has changed over last three years with an increase in the percentage of isolates of CNS and a decrease in isolates of S. agalactiae.